1809 Large Dated Map Russia Baltics Arrowsmith Jugorian

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Dated (May 1, 1809) Double Page Map of the Russian Empire on two Sheets by Aaron Arrowsmith
"RUSSIAN EMPIRE"
Shows the Baltics; Swedish Finland, the Jugorians

This splendid copper engraved map comes from The Cyclopaedia or, Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature by Abraham Rees, D.D. F.R.S. F.L.S. S. Amer.Soc.....Ancient and Modern Atlas; Drawn under the direction of M^r. Arrowsmith and Published as the Act direct May 1, 1809 by Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, & Brown, Paternoster Row, London; Engraved by Cooper.

Aaron Arrowsmith (1750-1823) was a British geographer and cartographer who engraved and published many fine maps and atlases based on the best available sources of the day. Without a formal education Arrowsmith went to London c. 1770 and, after working as a surveyor, established himself as a mapmaker and publisher. His large world map (1790) established his reputation. A second such map published in 1794 was accompanied by an explanatory volume. Other notable works included a map of North America (1796), a chart of the Pacific Ocean (1798), and his Atlas of South India (1822). After Arrowsmith's death, the business was carried on by his sons, Aaron and Samuel, who published geography manuals and a number of atlases.

This authentic Napoleonic map of European Russia shows major regions, nations, provinces, towns, rivers, and mountains. Russia in the 19th century was both a multilingual and a multireligious empire. Only about half the population was at the same time Russian by language and Orthodox by religion. Below are given some comments related to map's content.

• The Baltic states of Estonia and Latvia (shown as Revel, Riga, and Courland) fell under Russian imperial rule during the 18th century and remained so until the Russian Empire itself collapsed during the Revolution of 1917.
• During the greater part of the 18th century the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth remained an insignificant pawn ruled by a succession of Saxons who tended to embroil it in their dynastic struggles in Germany. An attempt at rejuvenation under Stanislaw II August Poniatowski (ruled 1764-95) led to direct foreign intervention. As a result of three partitions (1772, 1793, and 1795) the Commonwealth was erased from the political map of Europe. The first two partitions affected only the East Slav lands of Lithuania, which were ceded to Russia. As a result of the third and last partition, the bulk of the ethnographically Lithuanian lands passed to Russia as well. Only the southwestern part, between the Neman River and East Prussia, was annexed by Prussia. On the map, Prussia extends all the way to the Nieman (Niemen) river.
• Odessa (Ukraine) is named "Adjibei or New Odessar". The history of the modern city began in the 14th century when the Tatar fortress of Khadzhibey was established there; it later passed to Lithuania-Poland and in 1764 to Turkey. The fortress was stormed by the Russians in 1789 and ceded to Russia in 1791. In 1795 the new port was named Odessa for the ancient Greek colony of Odessos, the site of which was believed to be in the vicinity.
• Finland is shown as part of Sweden. The political framework of Finland under Russia was laid down by the Porvoo Diet in 1809. Finland was still formally a part of Sweden until the peace treaty of Hamina (Fredrikshamn) later that year, but most of the Finnish leaders had already grown tired of Swedish control and wanted to acquire as much self-government as possible under Russian protection.
• The Ural Mountains bend right SE of Ust'-Usa (Ousa) to merge with the "Jugorian Mountains".
• According to the note: "The Uralian Mountais contain 105 Foundries 56 are for Iron 37 for Copper and the remainder for both Metals".
• Moldavia and Bessarabia are depicted as part of Turkey. Russia acquired Bessarabia and half of Moldavia in 1812 (Treaty of Bucharest).

This large map is printed on two sheets, 10.7 x 16 inches each. One centerfold, as issued. Strong impression. The condition is good. Imperfections: minor yellowing in margins and around centerfold; several faint brownish spots. Will look great with a mat and frame.

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